Ques 1:- What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables?

Ans:- Cereals give carbohydrates which provide energy. Eg :- wheat, rice

-- Pulses give proteins which build our body. Eg :- gram, pea

-- Fruits and vegetables give vitamins , minerals and small amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Eg :- Apple , Mango , Spinach

 

 Page :- 142 

 

Ques 1:- How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production ?

 

Ans :- Two major factors that affect the crop are :-

 

-- Biotic factors :- such as insects, nematodes, pests and diseases reduce crop production. Insects feed on the crop thus destroying it.

 

-- Abiotic factors :- are natural factors like temperature, salinity, waterlogging which also reduces crop production. Different crops require a different range of temperature, hence, the wrong temperature can cause thee crop production to go down.

 Ques 2 :- What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvement?

 

Ans :- Desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements are :-

-- Tallness and profuse branching are desirable characters for fodder crops.

-- Dwarfness is desired in cereals ,so that less nutrients are consumed by these crops and also to avoid crop lodging.

-- High sugar content in sugarcanes and sugar beets.

-- Long awns and broader leaves to increase photosynthesis in wheat.

-- Increased number of tillers in paddy.

 

 Page :- 143 

 

Ques 1 :- What are macro-nutrients, and why are they called macronutrients ?

 

Ans :- The essential elements which are required by the plants in large quantities are called macro-nutrients.  

-- The macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur.

-- They are called so because they are consumed in large amount by the crops.

 

Ques 2 :- How do plants get nutrients?

 

Ans :-  Plants get their nutrients from air, water, and soil.

 

-- Plants require sixteen essential elements for their growth and development.

 

Page :- 144 

Q1. Compare the use of manure and fertilisers in maintaining soil fertility.

Ans:-

 

* Manure

* Fertilizers

 

-- It Provides organic material.

 

-- It Provides inorganic material.

-- It makes soil productive and fertile

-- It also makes soil productive and fertile for a short time

-- It enriches the soil with nutrients

-- With a long or high amount of fertilizers makes the soil dry and powdery

-- It reduces the soil erosion

 

-- It increases the soil erosion

-- It has no effect on the nature of soil

-- Excess amount of fertilizers leads to death of bacteria which are present in the soil.

-- They do not affect pH of soil

 

-- It changes the nature of soil from acidic to basic

-- Slowly absorbed by plants

 

-- Easily absorbed by plants.

 

 Page :- 145 

 

Ques 1 :- Which of the following conditions will give the most benefits? Why?

 

(a) Farmers use high-quality seeds; do not adopt irrigation or use fertilisers.

 

(b) Farmers use ordinary seeds, adopt irrigation and use fertiliser.

 

(c) Farmers use quality seeds, adopt irrigation, use fertiliser and use crop protection measures.

 

Ans :- (c) Farmers use quality seeds, adopt irrigation, use fertilizer and use crop protection measures.

 

-- This condition will give the most benefit.

-- Using quality seeds alone cannot give good results until they are protected, properly irrigated and enriched with fertilizers

 

 

 

 

 Page :- 145 

 

 

Ques 1 :- Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting crops ?

 

Ans:- Preventive measures and biological control methods are used as they are simple, not expensive, environmentally safe and do not affect the soil quality.

 

-- These methods are also harmless to other forms of life. The main purpose is to protect the crop from disease-causing pathogens and weeds.

 

-- Some preventive measures are proper seedbed preparation, timely sowing of crops, intercropping and crop rotation.

 

Ques 2 :-  What factors may be responsible for the losses of grains during storage?

 

Ans :- Factors responsible for losses of grains during storage are :

 

-- Biotic factors such as insects, rodents, and bacteria

 

-- Abiotic factors such as moisture and temperatures in the place of storage.

 

-- These factors cause degradation in quality, loss in weight, poor germination, discolouration of produce, all leading to poor marketability.

 

 Page :- 147 

 

Ques 1 :- Which method is commonly used for improving cattle breeds and why?

 

Ans:- Crossbreeding is commonly used for improving cattle breeds. It is done between indigenous and

 

exotic breeds for variety improvement.

 

-- Exotic or foreign breeds (for example, Jersey, Brown Swiss) are selected for long lactation periods, while local breeds (for example, Red Sindhi, Sahiwal) show excellent resistance to diseases.

 

-- The desired characteristics from both the breed are taken to produce a new improved variety.

 

 

 Page :- 148 

 

Ques 1 :-  What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming?

 

Ans :- The management practices common in dairy and poultry farming are :-

 

-- Proper cleaning, sanitation, and spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals.

 

-- Appropriate vaccination to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases.

 

-- Providing nutritious food and fodder

 

 

 

 

 

Ques 2 :- What are the differences between broilers and layers and their management?

Ans:

 

* Broilers

 

* Layers

-- Broilers are farmed for obtaining meat

 

-- layers are farmed for eggs.

-- Require high protein, fat and vitamins A   

    and K diets

 

-- Require high vitamins and minerals diets.

-- require less space.

 

-- require proper lighting and enough space.

 

 Page :- 148

 

Ques 1 :- How are fish obtained ?

 

Ans:- Fishes are obtained in two ways :-

 

-- Capture fishing :- Obtaining fish from natural resources.

 

-- Culture Fishery :- Culturing of fishes in freshwater ecosystems, like rivers, ponds and lakes, also including marine.

 

Ques 2 :- What are the advantages of composite fish culture?

Ans:- The advantages of composite fish culture are :-

 

-- In a single fish pond, a combination of 5 or 6 types of fish species can be cultured since they

do not compete for food among themselves.

 

-- Food resources can be completely utilised

 

-- Survival of the fish also increases

 

-- More yield

 

 Page :- 150

 

Ques 1 :- What are the desirable characteristics of bee varieties suitable for honey production?

 

Ans:-  The desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey production are:

 

-- High honey collection capacity

 

-- Less sting

 

-- Stay in a given beehive for long periods

 

-- Breed well

 

Ques 2 :- What is pasturage, and how is it related to honey production?

 

Ans:- Pasturage (bee forage) are the flowers available to the bees for nectar and pollen collection.

 

-- They are grown within the range of the bees.

 

-- The quality, taste and yield of honey depends upon the type and quantity of pasturage available